Matthew 10:28 (ESV)
"And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell."
Seventh-day Adventists Common Objections:
#1. From SDA Bible Commentary p. 379:
"There is nothing in the word psuchē (soul) itself that even remotely implies a conscious entity that is able to survive the death of the body and hence be immortal. In no instance of its use in the Bible does psuchē {soul) refer to a conscious entity able to exist apart from the body. The Bible knows nothing of a living, conscious soul that, supposedly, survives the body."[1]
#2. From Andrews Study Bible notes p. 1263:
"Jesus is not making or supporting the Greek dichotomy between soul and body as separate entities. Jewish teaching did not think of persons as having souls separate from the body as Greek philosophy taught. Thus, here Jesus is using the term “soul” to mean “eternal life”: Do not fear those who can take you from this present life (body), but fear Him who can also take away eternal life (soul)."[2]
#3. From the SDA 28 Fundamental Beliefs book p. 94 :
"Then God breathed into this lifeless matter the breath of life, and "man became a living being." The scriptural equation is straightforward: the dust of the ground (earth's elements) + the breath of life = a living being, or living soul. The union of earth's elements with the breath of life resulted in a living being or soul. . . It is important to note the Bible says that man became a living soul. Nothing in the creation account indicates that man received a soul — some separate entity that, at Creation, was united with the human body."[3]
Answer:
The concept of conditional immortality should not create significant divisions among Christians, as it does not impact the core beliefs of the Christian faith or the redemption of the soul. It is mainly a topic for theological discussion and does not directly influence any of the essential teachings of the Bible. Our unity should be based on faith in the Lord Jesus Christ and the love He instructed us to have for one another (John 13:34–35), rather than differing views on the state of humanity in death. Several well-known historical Christian figures, including Martin Luther, William Tyndale, and John Wycliffe, supported the concept of conditional immortality. Nevertheless, the prevalence of a particular viewpoint or the opinions of a few influential thinkers cannot validate theological speculation or interpretation. The Christian church bases its belief in the conscious bliss of departed saints not on individual opinions, regardless of their prominence or scholarship, but on the historical and biblical foundation of the Christian faith.
The Seventh-day Adventist's belief regarding conditional immortality or soul sleep is best expressed as follows:
"Since death is a sleep, the dead will remain in a state of unconsciousness in the grave until the resurrection, when the grave (hades) gives up its dead (Rev. 20:13)."[4]
The SDA perspective that regards man as a singular entity, with his physical body being the entirety of his being, is known as monism. According to monism, the terms "soul" and "spirit" in scripture simply refer to the person himself or to the person's life. Evangelical theologians have generally not embraced this viewpoint due to the numerous scriptural passages that appear to affirm that our souls or spirits continue to exist after our physical bodies perish.
Some Christians believe that humans have a third component beyond the "body" and "soul," called the "spirit," which is thought to have the closest connection to God. This view, which claims that humans are made up of three parts—body, soul, and spirit—is known as trichotomy. Others believe that "spirit" is synonymous with "soul," with both terms referring to the immaterial part of humans. This perspective, known as dichotomy, asserts that humans consist of two parts: body and soul/spirit.
Biblical Arguments for Dichotomy/Dualism vs. Monism
My perspective since becoming a born-again Christian is the dichotomy or biblical dualism. At first, it was difficult for me to accept this view because, for a long time, I was convinced that the monistic perspective was correct—that the person is referred to as the soul and that the Bible never identified the soul as the immaterial and conscious part of a person that separates from the body upon death. This was my perspective for 16 years as a Jehovah's Witness. When I converted to the Seventh-day Adventist church in 1995, I found it easy to accept the SDA doctrine of conditional immortality or soul sleep because it aligned with my existing beliefs about the state of the dead. This alignment was one of the reasons I was easily convinced to join the SDA church, as other churches believe in this doctrine as well as the eternal torment of hellfire.
The similarities between the two groups can be traced back to their origins. The Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses were born from “The Great Disappointment” of 1844. The shared Millerite heritage and the influence of early Adventist teachings on Charles Taze Russell, the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses, contributed to the similarities in their beliefs about the state of the dead.[5]
What helped convince me that humans comprise two parts, the body (material part) and the soul/spirit (immaterial part)? When I was still an Adventist, there was a passage in the New Testament that helped me regain interest in studying again my perspective on the nature of death. This passage is Hebrews 12:22-23, which says:
Hebrews 12:22-23 (ESV) "But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to innumerable angels in festal gathering, and to the assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven, and to God, the judge of all, and to the spirits of the righteous made perfect."
The writer of Hebrews compares the fear and limitations of the old covenant at Mt. Sinai with the joy and intimacy of the new covenant at Mount Zion. In God's presence, we are surrounded by a great assembly that includes angels and the redeemed church of the firstborn. Through faith, we behold God's transcendent glory, and the "spirits of the righteous made perfect," according to the Bible scholars are referring to the Old Testament saints mentioned in Hebrews chapter 11, justified by faith, and anticipating the resurrection. And Jesus who fulfills the role of the Mediator of the new covenant within this assembly. The SDA Bible Commentary explains that "The writer here speaks figuratively of living Christians as being assembled about the throne of God in heaven, a great gathering of the church invisible."[6]
If "gathering of the church invisible" is mentioned in Hebrews 12:22-24, we can be assured that the "spirits of the righteous made perfect" refer to none other than the spirits or souls of the faithful believers who have passed away and are now in the presence of the Lord in heaven. This is not difficult for SDAs to accept because they believe that when a person dies, according to Ecclesiastes 12:7, their spirit separates and returns to God who gave it, while their earthly body returns to the earth.
Ecclesiastes 12:7 (ESV) "And the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who gave it."
Isn't it obvious to the SDAs that Ecclesiastes 12:7 contradicts their belief in monism? Doesn't it go against their belief that no immaterial spirit survives after death? And haven't they noticed that it also states that the spirit comes from God who gave it? Now, the next question is, when did God give humans the spirit? The spirit of man that returns to God when he dies is the same as the "breath of life" that God breathed into Adam, bringing him to life from the dust.
Genesis 2:7 (ESV) "Then the LORD God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature."
In Job 32:8, the "spirit" of man is referred to as the "breath" of God.
Job 32:8 (ESV) "But it is the spirit in man, the breath of the Almighty, that makes him understand."
Even the official website of the SDA church agrees that the "spirit" that separates when a person dies is the same as the "breath of life" in Genesis 2:7,
"A person’s “spirit” is his or her life force. This refers to the breath of life God breathed into Adam (Genesis 2:7), and into each of us. This life force comes from God (Isaiah 42:5) and goes back to Him when we die (Ecclesiastes 12:7; Psalm 104:29; Acts 7:59).[7]
If this is the case, then why is it so difficult for SDAs to accept that the "spirits of the righteous made perfect" in Hebrews 12:23 are the same "spirit" that separates when a person dies (Eccl. 12:7) and the same "breath of life" that God breathed into Adam's nostrils (Gen. 2:7)?
It's embarrassing to say, but the truth is that SDA theologians twist the explanation of Hebrews 12:23 to fit their theology and avoid acknowledging that the "spirit" remains alive after the earthly body dies. They cling to this interpretation even if it goes against the truth to avoid embarrassment. Let's consider once again the SDA Bible Commentary's explanation about what "spirits of the righteous made perfect" in Hebrews 12:23 means to them:
"In this same figurative sense living Christians find “the spirits” of all other “just men made perfect” assembled there in spirit, not in an imaginary disembodied state. To make “the spirits of just men made perfect” refer to supposedly disembodied “spirits” would be to set the writer of Hebrews at variance with the clear statements of the Holy Scriptures concerning the state of man in death."[8]
According to this interpretation, "the spirits of the righteous made perfect" supposedly refers not to the disembodied spirits of deceased believers but merely to their presence, which, although physically absent, is spiritually present in heaven. However, this is not what the passage actually says. SDA theologians have twisted its true meaning. Instead of addressing the actual “spirits of just men made perfect,” they have reinterpreted it as “spiritually present men made perfect.” To avoid admitting that their doctrine is wrong, they have altered the word of God rather than accepting what is written and inspired by the Holy Spirit. They changed the noun "spirits" to the adverb "spiritually."
The SDA church faces significant problems with its theology of salvation, leading to confusion and differing understandings among its members. Regarding the manipulation of Hebrews 12:23, they claim that the "spirits of just men made perfect" refers to living believers on earth, thus denying that it means disembodied spirits. According to their SDA Bible Commentary, the "just men made perfect" supposedly refers to spiritually "mature Christians"[9] still living on earth. Such an interpretation, contradicting the truth, will only lead to more confusion because even mature Christians on earth, including those in the SDA, still sin. Therefore, how can they be referred to as "just men made perfect"? The correct biblical doctrine of sanctification among evangelical Christians never teaches that mature Christians still living on this earth are actually made perfect or righteous. Additionally, "made perfect" in Greek, τετελειωμένων (teteleiōmenōn), is a passive verb, indicating that these "spirits" are receiving the action (perfection) rather than achieving it themselves. For Christians still living on earth, they are only considered righteous, justified, sanctified, or perfect in a positional sense, but not ontologically perfect. The perfection of Christians is solely credited based on their union with the perfection and righteousness of Christ through faith (1 Corinthians 1:30). Hebrews 10:14 provides clarity on this matter:
Hebrews 10:14 (ESV) "For by a single offering he has perfected for all time those who are being sanctified."
According to this text, all Christians are considered "perfected for all time" through their faith and union with the righteousness of Jesus, due to their relationship with Christ. However, they are not yet actually "made perfect" because they are still in the process of "being sanctified."
Therefore, the interpretation of the SDA Bible Commentary regarding the identity of the "spirits of just men made perfect" is incorrect. It cannot refer to mature Christians who are still alive on earth. Based on our analysis, the "spirits of just men made perfect" specifically refer to the disembodied souls or spirits of the faithful servants of God in the Old Testament who remained faithful to the Lord unto death (Eccl. 12:7; Heb. 11). In this section, we have also proven that the monism of Seventh-day Adventists is incorrect because humans are actually composed of two unified parts: the material physical body and the immaterial soul or spirit, which continues to exist after the physical body dies. This is clearly taught even in the New Testament, where faithful servants of God commend their "spirit" to God at the brink of death.
Moses and Elijah:
Matthew 17:1-8: The transfiguration of Jesus, where Moses and Elijah appear and speak with Him, suggests that these figures are conscious after death.
David and Jesus:
David prayed, with words later quoted by Jesus on the cross, "Into your hand, I commit my spirit" (Psalm 31:5; cf. Luke 23:46).
Stephen:
Acts 7:59 (ESV) "And as they were stoning Stephen, he called out, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.”
The stoning of Stephen, where he sees Jesus standing at the right hand of God and praying for his spirit to be received, indicates consciousness after death. Therefore, dichotomy/dualism is more biblical than monism.
Biblical Arguments for Soul/Spirit Consciousness vs. Soul-Sleep
The biblical terms "soul" (Hebrew: nephesh; Greek: psychē) and "spirit" (Hebrew: rûach; Greek: pneuma) are used interchangeably in certain instances when we analyze their usage. The interchangeable use of these terms explains why individuals who have passed away and entered heaven or hell can be called either "spirits,"
Hebrews 12:23, "the spirits of the righteous made perfect";
Hebrews 12:23, "the spirits of the righteous made perfect";
1 Peter 3:19, "spirits in prison"
or "souls,"
Revelation 6:9, "the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the witness they had borne";
Revelation 20:4, "the souls of those who had been beheaded for the testimony of Jesus".
The terms for soul and spirit differ notably in at least one significant aspect. The Hebrew word "nephesh" for "soul" and the Greek word "psychē" can sometimes refer to the entire person (Gen. 46:26; Rom. 13:1). In contrast, the terms for spirit (Heb. "ruach"; Gk. "pneuma") are not used in this way.
Earlier, we established in the Argument for Dichotomy vs. Monism section that Dichotomy is biblical. In fact, there are numerous passages in the Bible, including those in the Old Testament, that attest to the separation of the body and soul/spirit. Here are some examples:
Genesis 35:18 (ESV) "And as her soul was departing (for she was dying), she called his name Ben-oni; but his father called him Benjamin."
1 Kings 17:21-22 (NKJV) "And he stretched himself out on the child three times, and cried out to the LORD and said, “O LORD my God, I pray, let this child’s soul come back to him.” Then the LORD heard the voice of Elijah, and the soul of the child came back to him, and he revived."
Ecclesiastes 12:7 (ESV) "And the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God. who gave it."
We can also observe in the mentioned verses that even in the Old Testament, "soul" and "spirit" are used interchangeably when describing the separation of the soul at the time of death.
If that's the case, the argument often used by some Seventh-day Adventists in Genesis 2:7 that Adam became a "living soul," therefore implying that Adam himself was called a soul even though he had flesh and bones, is not strong. As mentioned earlier, the Hebrew word "nephesh" for "soul" and the Greek word "psychē" can sometimes refer to the entire person (Gen. 46:26; Rom. 13:1). In contrast, the terms for spirit (Hebrew "ruach"; Greek "pneuma") are not used in this manner. Therefore, anyone using Genesis 2:7 as a basis against the belief that an immaterial spirit or soul survives after death is mistaken this is because we also believe that, in the context of Adam's creation, the word "soul" specifically refers to Adam's humanity.
In the New Testament, the teaching of dichotomy/dualism became clearer and explicitly taught us the nature of death. If asked, SDAs typically understand death as the cessation of breathing. However, upon examining the Scriptures, especially in the New Testament, it clarifies for us what death truly is. According to James 2:26, death is the separation of body and soul/spirit:
James 2:26 (ESV) "For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, so also faith apart from works is dead."
James 2:26 once again affirms the concept of dichotomy/dualism over monism. Even Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) would grasp this, as they often cite James 2:26 in other contexts to argue that obedience to the Ten Commandments is a result of faith. However, it's crucial that they also acknowledge the truth that humans are composed of both body and spirit, as the body is lifeless without the spirit. These are just a few of the numerous Bible verses demonstrating that humans are comprised of body and soul/spirit.
Moving forward in our study, we will examine from Scripture whether the soul/spirit remains conscious after separating from a deceased person's body. SDAs may argue that yes, a soul or spirit separates from a person when they die, but this does not necessarily mean it retains consciousness like a living person does. To explore this issue further, we could revisit the phrase "spirits of the righteous made perfect" in Hebrews 12:23 as our case study. Assuming these are indeed the spirits of deceased individuals, supported by Ecclesiastes 12:7 which states that the spirit of the deceased returns to God in heaven, the question remains: are they conscious? Do they possess their own minds? Can they think and communicate in that state? Since we established earlier based on Scripture that the "spirits of the righteous made perfect" in Hebrews 12:23 refer to the disembodied spirits of Old Testament people of God mentioned in Hebrews 11, the question now is: what does Scripture say as evidence that they are conscious beings with minds and emotions? There are verses in the New Testament that indicate they are conscious, here are some of the examples:
Revelation 6:9-11 (ESV) "When he opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been slain for the word of God and for the witness they had borne. They cried out with a loud voice, “O Sovereign Lord, holy and true, how long before you will judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?” Then they were each given a white robe and told to rest a little longer until the number of their fellow servants and their brothers should be complete, who were to be killed as they themselves had been."
This passage depicts the souls of martyrs under the altar, crying out for justice, indicating they are conscious. The souls/spirits mentioned here are disembodied souls or spirits "who had been slain" as martyrs of God. We are sure that they have left their deceased bodies on earth but these souls/spirits continue to live in the presence of God in heaven. Of course, their dead bodies on earth are not conscious, but their souls/spirits are alive in heaven and aware. Firstly, "they cried with a loud voice" indicates the intensity and urgency of their plea, showing their emotions or feelings. Secondly, "How long before you will judge and avenge" reflects the martyrs’ longing for divine justice and vindication, demonstrating their memory of their suffering and conscious desire for justice against their persecutors.
How about Ecclesiastes 9:5, 10, which Seventh-day Adventists often use to support their view of soul sleep, teaching that the deceased are unconscious, without knowledge or feelings?
Ecclesiastes 9:5, 10 (ESV) "For the living know that they will die, but the dead know nothing, and they have no more reward, for the memory of them is forgotten. Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with your might, for there is no work or thought or knowledge or wisdom in Sheol, to which you are going."
They appear correct if you don't read the immediate context referring to those who have no knowledge, which pertains not to the soul/spirit returning to God but rather to the body returning to dust, as stated in the following verse, Ecclesiastes 9:6. In the context of "under the Sun," the discussion is about the earthly realm, not the presence of God in heaven.
Ecclesiastes 9:6 (ESV) "Their love and their hate and their envy have already perished, and forever they have no more share in all that is done under the sun."
Remember that according to the Bible, death is the separation of body and spirit/soul (James 2:26). Therefore, once your spirit separates from the body, you know nothing.
Next, let's examine another Bible account that demonstrates the consciousness of the disembodied soul/spirit. We can read about this in Luke 16:19-31 the parable of the rich man and Lazarus which describes both individuals as being conscious after death, with the rich man experiencing torment and Lazarus being comforted.
1. Conscious Awareness: Both Lazarus and the rich man are portrayed as being aware of their surroundings and conditions after death. Lazarus finds comfort in Abraham's bosom, while the rich man experiences torment in Hades (Luke 16:22-24).
2. Communication: The rich man and Abraham engage in conversation, indicating that these souls are not only conscious but also capable of communication (Luke 16:24-31).
3. Memory and Regret: The rich man remembers his life on earth and expresses regret for his actions, demonstrating that the soul retains memory and emotions after death (Luke 16:25, 27-28).
4. Moral Consequences: The parable underscores the moral consequences of one's actions in life, suggesting that the soul's experiences after death are a continuation of its earthly existence.
These elements collectively suggest that the soul remains conscious and aware after death, contradicting the SDA's concept of "soul sleep" or unconscious existence.
Another consideration is, that if disembodied spirits know nothing and are unconscious, how can Paul say that to die is gain?
Philippians 1:21 (ESV) "For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain."
What did he gain if he died unconscious? What is Paul's reasoning for stating that being dead and being with the Lord is better if the soul/spirit is unconscious?
Philippians 1:23 (ESV) "I am hard-pressed between the two. My desire is to depart and be with Christ, for that is far better."
Paul expresses a desire to depart or to die and be with Christ, which he considers “far better,” implying a conscious presence with Christ after death.
He reiterates the same point in his letter to the Corinthian church with these words:
2 Corinthians 5:1, 6, 8 (ESV) "For we know that if the tent that is our earthly home is destroyed, we have a building from God, a house not made with hands, eternal in the heavens. . . So we are always of good courage. We know that while we are at home in the body we are away from the Lord. . . Yes, we are of good courage, and we would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord."
How can these disembodied souls/spirits of God's faithful ones experience the joy and happiness of God's presence as a reward for their faithfulness in heaven if they are unconscious?
Biblical Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul/Spirit vs. Greek Philosophy
Seventh-day Adventists often argue against the immortality of the soul, claiming it is not biblical teaching but rather originates from paganism and Greek philosophy, such as Plato's concepts of dualism and the immortality of the soul. But this is the SDA's weakest argument against the biblical doctrine of the immortality of the soul. This argument is weak because the concepts of biblical immortality of the soul and the immortality of the soul in Platonic Greek philosophy are fundamentally different.
Dr. Norman Geisler explained the significant differences between them:
“Greek and Christian concepts of immortality differ. According to an ancient Greek concept of immortality (e.g., *Plato), human beings are a soul and only have a body. The soul is to the body what a rider is to a horse. Salvation is in part deliverance from the body, which is the prison of the soul. There is a basic duality of soul and soma (body).”[10]
Plato believed that the soul is inherently immortal and indestructible, existing before birth and continuing after death. His theory includes metempsychosis, or the transmigration of souls, where the soul is reborn into new bodies over successive lifetimes. [11]
In contrast, Christian theology teaches that the soul is created by God and is not inherently immortal. Its immortality is a gift from God. Christians view humans as unified entities of body and soul, not as naturally separate. The Bible teaches that immortality is achieved through the resurrection of the body at the end of times, where the soul and body will be reunited in a glorified state. Immortality is considered a gift of grace, not something attained through human effort or philosophical understanding. Christians do not necessarily agree with the Platonic idea that human souls are inherently immortal, but many believe that through God's power, the human soul can endure between death and resurrection. According to this view, humans possess a form of dependent immortality granted by God. See also timelessness; eternity/everlasting.
In summary, for Plato, the soul is inherently immortal, existing eternally and undergoing cycles of rebirth, with its immortality tied to its ability to understand eternal truths. In Christianity, however, the soul’s immortality is a gift from God, achieved through the resurrection of the body and eternal life granted by faith in Jesus Christ.
Here are some Bible verses that support the Christian doctrine of the immortality of the soul:
Matthew 10:28 (ESV) "And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell."
This verse distinguishes between the body and the soul, implying that the soul continues to exist even if the body is killed. It suggests that the soul has an existence beyond physical death and that it is under God's sovereign control.
Luke 23:43 (ESV) "And he said to him, “Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise.”
Jesus’ promise to the thief on the cross indicates an immediate continuation of the soul's existence in a conscious state after death. It suggests that after physical death, believers are with Christ in a state of blessedness. Seventh-day Adventists often reinterpret Jesus' promise to the criminal beside Him by arguing that the comma should be placed after the word "today" rather than before. They claim that "today" refers to the timing of Jesus' promise, not the event of being taken to Paradise immediately after death.
However, their argument is flawed because there were no commas in the original Greek text. Even without a comma, it is clear that the word "today" refers to the event of being immediately taken to Paradise by Jesus. In Greek, when Jesus says, "Truly, I say to you," He emphasizes the certainty and importance of His statement with “Ἀμήν λέγω σοι” (Amēn legō soi). The word “today,” or “σήμερον” (sēmeron), indicates the immediacy of the promise. Therefore, the "comma argument" used by SDAs is irrelevant and misleading, steering people away from the true meaning of Jesus' promise to believers.
The final passage is found in John 11:25-26:
John 11:25-26 (ESV) "Jesus said to her, “I am the resurrection and the life. Whoever believes in me, though he dies, yet shall he live, and everyone who lives and believes in me shall never die. Do you believe this?”
Jesus declares that those who believe in Him will live even if they die and that they will never truly die. The Greek word used here is οὐ μή (ou mḗ) a double negative expression strengthening the denial, meaning not at all, no never.[12] points to the promise of eternal life and the soul's immortality for believers.
Conclusion:
Our study of Matthew 10:28 has made it clear that the Lord Jesus' promise to believers of eternal life and future resurrection on the last day to attain immortality remains steadfast despite the misguided distortions by some SDAs to defend their erroneous doctrine of monism or soul sleep. Jesus' promise in Matthew 10:28 is strong and unequivocal.
Let's demonstrate the three important biblical arguments that serve as pillars to prove that the Bible teaches the immortality of the soul. These three pillars are:
1.) Biblical Arguments for Dichotomy/Dualism vs. Monism
2.) Biblical Arguments for Soul/Spirit Consciousness vs. Soul-Sleep
3.) Biblical Arguments for the Immortality of the Soul/Spirit vs. Greek Philosophy
It also became clear in our study that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul in Christianity emphasizes that the soul, created by God, continues to exist after physical death. It lives in a conscious state, either in the presence of God or separated from Him, depending on one's faith in Jesus Christ. This belief is rooted in the understanding that eternal life is a gift from God, granted through faith in Jesus, and involves both the soul's ongoing existence and the eventual resurrection of the body. These scriptures collectively reinforce the belief in a continued, conscious existence after death, affirming the soul’s immortality as a key tenet of the Christian faith.
I pray that Seventh-day Adventists may keep their minds open to reexamine our discussed issues. I thank the Lord for His compassion, as His grace has opened my blinded eyes and heart to the truth. If the Lord has done this for me, why wouldn't He also do it for the SDAs?
Footnotes:
[1] Nichol, Francis D., editor. The Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1980, p. 379.
[2] Dybdahl, Jon L., editor. Andrews Study Bible Notes. Andrews University Press, 2010, p. 1263.
[3] Ministerial Association General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. Seventh-day Adventist Believe: A Biblical Exposition of Fundamental Doctrines. 2005 Second Edition, USA, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2006, p. 94
[4] ibid., p. 391
[5] “What is the Difference Between Adventists and Jehovah’s Witnesses?” Adventist Guide, 1 Jan. 2021, adventistguide.com/adventist-and-jehovas-witness.
[6] Nichol, Francis D., editor. The Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1980, p. 487.
[7] Beckett. “What Is Your Soul, According to the Bible?” Seventh-day Adventist Church, 24 Oct. 2021, www.adventist.org/death-and-resurrection/what-is-your-soul-according-to-the-bible.
[8] Nichol, Francis D., editor. The Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Commentary. Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1980, p. 487.
[9] ibid.
[10] Geisler, Norman. The Big Book of Christian Apologetics: An A to Z Guide. 2012th ed., USA, Baker Books, 2012, p. 938
[11] “Plato’s theory of the soul.” Wikipedia, 3 July 2024, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul.
[12] Zodhiates, Spiros. The Complete Word Study Dictionary. Word Study, 1992,
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